The quantity of pennies Essay Example for Free

The total of pennies Es plead(1) lure an impassibility stoop ball map with the quantity of pennies atomic number 18 on the horizontal axis and the quantity of nickels argon on the upright axis. minded(p) the design of your nonchalance sprain, how would you describe the typical semblanceship betwixt these ii products?The twain near(a)s argon perfect substitutes for each otherwise. 5pennies argon kindred to a nickel.(2) You and I are in waster proportion. CDs cost 10 dollar marks each and cassette tapes only 2 dollars each. I decipher up CDs and cassettes. You pack only cassettes. What evict you infer closely my MRS ( adjustmental rate of ex diverge) of CDs and tapes? What intimately your MRS.Since both(prenominal)(prenominal) individuals are in consumer proportion, for you, the MRS should equal the harm proportionality since you consume both goods. w tthusly MRS = 10/2 = 5.For me since I consume only cassettes at my offset, it implies that I c onsider CDs a sluggish good. Therefore my sluggishness trims are horizontal (assuming CDs are on the horizontal axis). indeed MRS is zero, since no amount of increase in CDs can change your utility unless(prenominal)(prenominal) you need to a greater extent cassettes.(3) The value of driving a car is 30 cents per mile. The cost of riding the bus is 60 cents per mile. At the moment, your Marginal profit of the snuff it mile of car transportation is 80 building blocks, and the Marginal Utility of your utmost(a) mile of bus transportation is 150 units. Are you maximizing your utility? Explain your answer.If Im maximizing my utility then the marginal utility derived from the detain cent spent on each good must be equal.The marginal utility from the last cent spent on driving a car is = 80/30 =8/3=2.67 The marginal utility from the last cent spent on riding the bus = 150/60 =5/2=2.5 then Im not maximizing my utility. I can increase myutility by disbursal less on bus rides an d to a greater extent on driving the car.(4) Lets enjoin your function basket is do up of ii goods, X and Y. Your income is I. The market footings you face for these two goods are PX and PY. Draw an sign chemical equilibrium shoot for for your use of goods and services of these two goods. (Restate the lineula for the relation between your marginal rate of switch and the market values of X and Y at the elevation of equilibrium.) direct, you all at once crave good X overmuch to a greater extent(prenominal) relative to Y than previously. this do to your sluggishness curve and equilibrium position? Why? After you crave more than X relative to Y, the pr trash of X rises dramatically. your graph what does this do you your equilibrium position?Now, your income doubles.What doesDraw onGraph your advanced-madefoundborn equilibrium position.By doing this exercise, you get a sense of how your solid income and purchasing advocate, and utilization changes, as your tast es, income and market conditions change. Remember there are trio components hereYour psychological makeup your stolidness curveYour income the precede of all your tough work and application of skills The monetary values you face, determined by the market.In the received world this is a situation that give always hold true for you as you interact with the world of goods and services.At the equilibrium, the MRS= set balance = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the impassiveness curve is discursive to the calculate line.MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY,i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PYNow it is devoted that X is craved much more for relative to Y. Hence the phlegm curves becomes steeper. That is now you are go forthing to give upmore amount of Y to defecate a unit more of X. Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to die you in variant for the aforementioned(prenominal) return in X.Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of alternate increases, i.e. MUx/MUY inc reases.We make do that the determine ratio doesnt vary.Hence at the original equilibrium, we set about MUX/PXMUY/PY.Therefore you leave alone consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y.Now the legal injury of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. exclusively since Px is higher, your work out curve pivots inward. With the shift burden you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of drug addiction of Y depends on the relative strength of the two personal effects.(5) Think of a commercial establishment (department store, burnt umber shop, muff station, store from which you make common purchases that is spending your hard-earned money) and telephone through the questions in the previous exercise (4) as they would apply yourself a nd to the goods offered by this establishment. That is, take any two goods or groups of goods from the store you have chosen and re-do the questions in (4) as they would really apply to you and your tastes. Now you are thinking economics and thinking creatively as well get hold of choice made between having fruit beer(X) or having ice cream(Y) after(prenominal) dinnerassuming that both are good goods. At the equilibrium, the MRS= toll ratio = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the work out line.MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY,i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PYNow it is given that X(fruit beer) is craved much more for relative to Y(ice cream). Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is now you are voluntary to give up more amount of Y to have a unit more of X.Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X.Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MU x/MUY increases.We know that the value ratio doesnt vary.Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY.Therefore you entrust consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y.Now the determine of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. alone since Px is higher, your budget curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative strength of the two effects. (6) You are willing to require risk for vantages.For example, you are willing to take real tough courses at UCD because if you do well, it will spirit like you are a hard worker on your transcript (and that is a good thing). Okay, the retaliate is what could be on your transcript scarcely the r isk is that you MAY pull down your GPA. Draw an indifference curve for your two goods, risk and reward for your decision to take or not take the hard courses. Put the good, reward, on the X axis. What do micro-economists call these two goods with respect to the indifference map?Now, suddenly you are really afraid to take the hard courses (that is, you now have a greater panic of failure). How does that change your indifference map? You have upward slope indifference curves between risk and reward, i.e. for a given train of utility if you face more risk then you require more rewards to lionize you at that direct of utility. You consider risk to be a bad good while reward to be a good good.Since you are afraid to take hard courses, you require more reward for taking the same risk to induce you to take that course. Hence the indifference curves become planarter. (7) The legal injury of good X is $2. The priceof good Y is $6. You have income of $30. In the eccentric person where you opt to consume X, what will your indifference map look like? Give a numeric example of how much of the two goods you will consume in equilibrium. What will be the ratio of the marginal utilities of these two goods? What exactly will be the level of your utility at equilibrium?At the equilibrium, your MRS equals the price ratio. Hence MRS=1/3. Consider the utility function, U(x,y) =xy. Hence MRS = y/x.At equilibrium, x=3y. The budget equation is 2x+6y=30. Hence at the equilibrium, 12y=30, i.e. y=2.5 and x=7.5.u(x,y) = 18.75.(8) Automobile bodies and automobile wheels are perfect complements. Normally, four wheels are consumed for each body purchased. Draw the typical consumers indifference map for these two goods, auto bodies, and auto wheels. What can you say about the height of equilibrium for the typical consumer of these two items? Indicate the crown of equilibrium on the diagram for refuse and higher levels of personal income. At the point of equilibrium, a consumer con sumes only an integer amount of the two goods. He consumes x cars and the corresponding amount of wheels, i.e. (4*x) since you require 4 wheels for each car. Your equilibrium is at the point where the budget curve is tangent to the indifference curve, i.e. at the kink of the ICs.Suppose a person has income suitable to buy only one car. The his equilibrium point is at L. Compared to this a relatively higher income level individual will consume more number of cars, say like point H at his equilibrium.(9) With respect to three goods ice cream, green tea, and digital cameras, what does it means when your preference for, and satisfaction gained from, these three goods are consistent with the assumptions of completeness, transitivity, and (what I call) the pig theory of claim.When preferences are said to be complete, it implies that you can rank the three goods in terms of your preferences between them. It can never be thecase that you dont know your preference ranking between two goo ds.When your preferences are said to be transitive then if you prefer x to y and then y to z, then it must be the case that you prefer x to z. If not then your preferences violate transitivity. If preferences satisfy completeness and transitivity then as the price of the good increases the ingest for the good falls. This is the pig theory of choose. (10) What does it mean when we say that the MRS is A NEGTIVE VALUE on the indifference curve?Indifference curves are downward sloping and the level of utility is constant along an indifference curve. As you give up some unit of the good on X axis, say X, you need more of the good on Y axis, say Y, to keep your utility level constant. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, which is the MRS, i.e. the ratio in which you are will to substitute one good for the other while stay at the same level of utility, is negative. It is negative since as the amount of X decreases, Y has to increase. (11) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the X axis, what does that express about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution?In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on X axis and consequently consume only X and zero amount of Y, the MRS =, i.e. no amount of Y can increase your utility level for the given level of X.(12) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the Y axis, what does that evince about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution?In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on Y axis and wherefore consume only Y and zero amount of X, t he MRS =0, i.e. no amount of X can increase your utility level for the given level of Y.(13)How tycoon an indifference curve map indicate your personal preferences if you believe in the followingCoke is just as good as PepsiYou consider Pepsi and Coke to be perfect substitutes for each other and hence your indifference curves will be straight lines.I hate rainy days and just love jocund days.You consider rainy days to be bad goods. given rainy days is on the vertical axis and sunny days are on the horizontal axis, your indifference curves are upward sloping with utility change magnitude along the horizontal axis.Compared to everything else I could possible buy, I absolutely, positively want an Audi tt sports car.Having an Audi is your satiation point or your bliss point. Hence your indifference curve are concentric circles round this point.Baskin-Robbins Jamoca Almond Fudge ice cream is so addictive. flavor is absolutely huge.My craving for thisIf the pull strings ice cream is on the horizontal axis, then your indifference curves are relatively steep, i.e. you are willing to give up the ice cream only if you receive relatively banging amounts of the other goods in compensation.I like ice cream, but under very few circumstances will I eat yoghurt. You consume ice cream and yoghurt in a particular combination. Hence these two goods are considered as perfect complements of each other but with greater weight on ice creams. Therefore your indifference curves are L shaped.(14) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 3 and the price of X is $1.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want toend up on the diagram and why?The MRS =3 while the price ratio is =1. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY.i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY,i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/P y.In this case we have,MUx/Px=3 while MUy/Py =1.Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on X than from Y. Therefore you can increase your utility by go through more X and less Y.(15) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 1 and the price of X is $3.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want to end up on the diagram and why?The MRS =1 while the price ratio is =3. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY.i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY,i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py.In this case we have,MUx/Px=1/3 while MUy/Py =1.Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on Y than from X. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more Y and less X.(16) The Addictive Foods Corporation wants you do purchase and eat as much of its possible as is h umanly possible. So Addictive Foods designs a determine strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for products of the type marketed and sold by Addictive, what is the apt(predicate) shape of your budget constraint? Where energy you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is entirely prospered, where magnate most plurality end up on the constraint?The budget constraint is likely to be relatively flat (assuming food is on the horizontal axis) since Addictive Foods Corporation would charge arelatively lower price. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively bulky amounts of food. If the pricing strategy is successful most mickle would end up to the right of the centerfield of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively large amounts of food. (17) The Greenie Energy Corporation wants you to conserve your household energy use electricity and gas.So Greenie designs a pricing strategy to encourage t his result. Given your own utility preferences for the energy marketed and sold by Greenie, what is the likely shape of your budget constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally successful, where might most people end up on the constraint? The budget constraint is likely to be steep (assuming that energy is on the horizontal axis). Greenie Energy Corporation would charge a relatively high price to discourage usage ofenergy. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively small amounts of energy. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the left of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively small amounts of energy.HW 2.(1) What does homogeneity of contract mean? If the prices of all goods rises by 10% and you get a 10% income raise, what pass aways to your real income and purchasing power. If you were to represent this situation on an indifference map as you consumed goods X and Y, how would you show it?Homogeneity of demand is x(p,m) = x(ap,am), i.e. as income and prices increase by same proportion, the demand remains unchanged.If the prices of all goods rise by 10% and income increases by 10%, then your real income and purchasing power remains unchanged.On the indifference map you remain at your initial equilibrium. (2) You consume two goods, X and Y. You really prefer X to Y. Also for you Y is an Inferior good. X is a Normal good. Starting from an initial position of equilibrium, you face a sudden rise in income. Go re-establish a new equilibrium. How would you represent all of this on your indifference map?As your income increases, given that Y is inferior, you will consume less of Y and more of X. You trigger off to a higher indifference curve and hence attain more utility since the budget set has expanded.(3) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map with respect to X and Y. Your income does not change, but the price of X falls. You move to a new point of equilibrium on the indifference map. supplyWhere you end up if both X and Y are normal goods.Where you end up if X is normal and Y is inferior.Where you end up if X is inferior and Y is normal.Now Show the impact of the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of the good X in each of the three cases. Are the substitution effects different in each of these three two cases?As the price of X falls you will consume more and X and less of Y under the substitution effect. This holds across the three cases.In case of X and Y universe normal goods, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of both X and Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects.In case of X being normal and Y being an inferior good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence wit h the income effect you consume more of X and less of Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed falls. In case of X being an inferior good and Y being a normal good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume less of X and moreof Y. At the new equilibrium your consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects. For instance, if the substitution effect is stronger then you will consume more X and less Y.(4) What is a Giffen Paradox? If the good X is worst to a Giffen Paradox, show with indifference curve, how you would respond to a sudden rise in the price of X. Show the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of X after the price rise.According to the Giffen paradox as the income increases, you consume less of the good. For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. S ince your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces.At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium.(5) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a TAX on the consumption of the good X can be less satisfactory from a satisfaction standpoint (utility standpoint) than a revenue that raises the equivalent amount of money on income.A revenue enhancement on X changes the price ratio and budget curve pivots inward. Let e1 be the new equilibrium point. For an equivalent tax on income, the new budget line will pass through this point parallel to the original indifference curve. The indifference curve at the equilibrium e1 cuts the budget curve with tax on income. Hence you move to a new indifference curve which is tangential to the b udget curve with income tax, with the new equilibrium lying to the right of e1 and hence on a higher indifference curve.(6) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a unit TAX on the consumption of the good X that is completely reimbursed back to the consumer can lead to less satisfaction than before, even when the entire tax amount is handedback to the consumer.(7) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map in your consumption of X and Y. The price of X drops. Show where you might end up if X and Y were complement goods. Show where you might end up if X and Y demonstrated substitutability.In case of complementary goods, a fall in price of X results in increase in consumption of both X and Y in a given proportion (depends on the ratio in which you consume the two). In case of substitutes assume that the price ratio equals the MRS which implies that you are consuming positive amounts of both goods at your equilibrium. However once the price of X falls, it makes X relatively c heaper of the two goods and being perfect substitutes, you will spend your entire income on X and no(prenominal) of Y.(8) Here is a question that deals with the notion of exogenous proteans and your ability to consume goods and services.Lets say that you live on a Pacific Island with a bunch of other people. Lets say as well is that your profession is to make and sell wind increases. This is a very desirable form of entertainment for the islanders. The market has determined the price of what you make (wind-kites), and the prices of all of the other things that you want to buy. You consume chocolate and candy as goods X and Y. Your income is from the sale of wind-kites. You face two issues First, you really want more umber bean bean and candy than you can afford, and Second, some other people are out there also do wind-kites.So, what do you propose to do to raise your income (push out your budget constraint) in order to consume more of these two items that you really crave? H ow would you represent your successful efforts on a two-dimension graph? What if the price of coffee skyrockets? What happens to your graph? What happens to your consumption of coffee and candy if both are normal goods? What additional steps might you take to maintain your purchasing power over the goods you demand to consume?When it comes to your manufacture of wind-kites, can you think in what ways any accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island (the past experience andefforts of other people) helps you in your profession?Note there are many possible answers to (8), but all follow a correct micro-economic logic. And this is an economic logic that we all face every day of our lives in the real world. I want to consume more coffee and candy but I am forced by my budget. Hence to consume more of these goods I need to increase my budget, i.e. income and this can be make only by increasing profits from selling kites.One is to reduce the cost of manufacturing the kites which will i n turn lead to higher profit margins on each unit of kite sold. Also there are others selling wind kites. To increase sales revenue, I can also lower my price, but this requires the demand for kites to be springless and my price cut should not be matched by the other kite sellers.If I can increase my income then I can consume more of the two goods and hence move to a higher indifference curve at the new equilibrium.However if the price of coffee increases, then under the substitution effect I consume less of coffee and more candy. But my real income has fallen and thus the income effect induces me to reduce consumption of both goods. At the final equilibrium, I will consume less coffee. The relative consumption level of candy depends on the strength of substitution effect relative to the income effect.If I can make use of accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island, then it will help lower my costs of production and thus increase my profit margin on each unit sold.(9) Simple, bu t important. What is the difference between a shift in demand (an increase or decrease in demand) and a change in the quantity demanded? What do these concepts have to do with endogenous and exogenous variables?A shift in demand implies movement along different demand curves. A demand curve shifts when an exogenous variable changes.A change in quantity demanded is a movement along the demand curve.A changein demand occurs when the endogenous variable varies.(10) Now here is a challenge. If you can work through the answer to this problem and understand it, you will have an insight as to what can drive national economic and most especially opposed policy of a coun act like the United States. The GDP of the USA is almost 70% consumption of goods and services by individuals. It is desire and possibility to consume all these goods that digest incentives for businesses tomake the goods and therefore provide employment and income for hundreds of millions of people.Just about all of the g oods that we consume and use in the USA are made with petroleum (oil) as an input. Soap, plastics, machines, medicines, and (obviously) gasoline and diesel fuel are examples. Suppose we had an indifference curve that showed the birth between the consumption of all oil and oil-based goods (X) and all other goods (Y) for all Americans.Show what would typically happen in terms of income effects, substitution effects, and welfare loss if the US suddenly faced a large rise in the price of trade oil. A large rise in the price of imported oil would make imports relatively expensive. Given that 70% of income is spent on imports, the increase in price of imports significantly reduces the purchasing power of income and you move to a lower indifference curve. Hence there is a large reduction in welfare.(11) An issue facing just about all consumers (ALL OF US) is that of trying to move out the budget constraint (increasing purchasing power through a rise in income). I admit, I want that too. Using indifference curve analysis, we see how movements in income can compensate for price changes.Lets say you were faced with a rise in the general price level for the goods you desire to consume. How would this impact your position in the budget-constraint indifference curve diagram?Now, remembering the diagram about earnings and wage-power that I put on the board in an early lecture, think of ways that you could try to remedy this situation, right now? Remember the three factors that will determine howmuch purchasing power you will have over the goods and services that others in the community produce (should you WANT to consume them).What resources are there in the community that can help you solve this problem? (This is a very interoperable and real-life question that should make our ECN 100 theory more relevant to you.)A general rise in the price of goods would shift the budget constraint inward, i.e. your budget set contracts since the purchasing power reduces. This induces you to move to a lower indifference curve.The lower purchasing power can be compensated for by increasing the number of hours worked (i.e. by reducing leisure enjoyed). Alternatively, you can invest your income in inflation-indexed bonds which will prevent your purchasing power from decreasing.(12) Which of the two phrases that follow would indicate a demand curve moving vertically or horizontally?An article that coffee is healthy results in people drinking more coffee at any price.An article that coffee is healthy results in people wanting to pay more for coffee no matter how much they drink.The first article indicates a shift of the demand curve. The article induces people to change their tastes and hence consume more coffee at the same price. (13) If he price of coffee rises from $3 to $4 per pound and as a result you lower your consumption of coffee from 4 pounds per week to 3 pounds per week, what is your personal shot of demand for coffee? Is your demand elastic or inelastic at this point? The elasticity is given by e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) = -1*(3/4) =0.75. Your demand is inelastic at this point since e beigels purchased? What can Noah expect to happen to his total revenue earned after this price increase of the bagel? Why would a typical business desire a demand curve for its product that is as least elastic or as inelastic as possible?We can assume that the price elasticity for Noahs Bagels is inelastic if it is less than 1. We can define price elasticity as, e= (% change in demand)/(%change in price). Since demand is inelastic, eIf the price elasticity of demand is inelastic, then as the price increases, the total revenue will increase. If the price elasticity of demand is elastic, then as the price increases the total revenue falls. For unitary elastic demand, for changes in price, the total revenue remains unchanged.(16) If a one-dimensional demand curve has a slope of One, what is the value of the price elasticity of demand on this demand curve at its mi dpoint? What is the value of the price elasticity on the curve above the midpoint? Below the midpoint?For a linear demand curve of slope=1, we have dQ/dP=1.At the midpoint, P=Q. Hence e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) =1.For any point above the midpoint, PQ, thus e1 and for any point at a lower place the demand curve, Pchanges for coffee, why is it that the demand curve would ALWAYS be downward sloping. Show how this demand curve would be determined using the indifference map and budget constraint diagram for a typical coffee consumer. The substitution effect induces the consumer to consume more of the relatively cheaper good. Hence as the price of a good increases you will substitute away from it. Hence the demand curve under the substitution effect is downward sloping.An increase in the price of X pivots the budget curve inwards almost the vertical intercept. To capture the substitution effect, a new budget curve where the real income is held constant is defined. The initial equilibrium is at e0. For the budget curve to the right of e0 lies below the original budget curve and hence was already affordable. Hence the consumer will consume to the left of e0 under the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, the substitution effect induces the consumer to reduce the consumption of X. (19) Lets say the commodity X is a Giffen Good. Using the indifference map and budget constraint for the typical consumer of this good, show how the combination of the substation and income effects results is an UPWARD SLOPING demand curve for X.For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces.At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, you consume more of X and hence the demand curve is upward sloping.(20) This next question is related for (6) above and is repeated for emphasis. Your governing body wants you to consume less Coffee. It believes that the caffeine in coffee is harmful to your health. Thus, your government decides to place a tax on your purchase of coffee. Coffee is a NORMAL good.This tax is a FIXED PERCENTAGE of the price (amount of money) you pay to this product. For every dollar you spend on coffee, you pay a t percent tax on that dollar. Therefore the more money you spend on coffee, the more tax you pay.BUT, your government feels risky for you and decides to rebate back to you the tax you pay on the coffee that you purchase (all of it). With the rebate, you can do what you wish. recreate use the tools we have developed thus far in the course to show (1) The original consumer equilibrium before the tax and the impact of the tax on the budget line and the new consumer equilibrium after the imposition of the tax. (2) The impact of the tax rebate on the consumer and the new consumer equilibrium after the rebate.(3) How the new consumer equilibrium with the rebate leaves the consumer worse off than had the tax not been levied in the first place.Since you are moving to a lower indifference curve after the rebate, you are worse off under this system.(21) If potatoes are an inferior good, how would we show that to be the case using a simple calculation of the income elasticity of demand for potatoes? Income elasticity can be defines as, ei = (dQ/dI)/(I/Q).Since potatoes are inferior goods, as the income increases you consume less of it, i.e. (dQ/dI)Assuming that the demand is linear, i.e. it is a straight line joining (0,10) and (10,0), the consumer redundancy for P=5 will be half the plain of the triangle enclosed by the demand curve. Hence consumer surplus = *1/2*10*10 =$25.Consumer surplus on a unit sold is the difference betw een what the consumer is willing to pay for that less the amount he actually has to pay. Therefore the lower the price he has toactually pay relative to his willingness to pay, greater is his consumer surplus and hence greater the welfare.